use Template; # some useful options (see below for full list) my $config = { INCLUDE_PATH => '/search/path', # or list ref INTERPOLATE => 1, # expand "$var" in plain text POST_CHOMP => 1, # cleanup whitespace PRE_PROCESS => 'header', # prefix each template EVAL_PERL => 1, # evaluate Perl code blocks }; # create Template object my $template = Template->new($config); # define template variables for replacement my $vars = { var1 => $value, var2 => \%hash, var3 => \@list, var4 => \&code, var5 => $object, }; # specify input filename, or file handle, text reference, etc. my $input = 'myfile.html'; # process input template, substituting variables $template->process($input, $vars) || die $template->error();
my $tt = Template->new({ INCLUDE_PATH => '/usr/local/templates', EVAL_PERL => 1, }) || die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
A reference to a new "Template" object is returned, or undef on error. In the latter case, the error message can be retrieved by calling error() as a class method or by examining the $Template::ERROR package variable directly.
my $tt = Template->new(\%config) || die Template->error(), "\n"; my $tt = Template->new(\%config) || die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
For convenience, configuration items may also be specified as a list of items instead of a hash array reference. These are automatically folded into a hash array by the constructor.
my $tt = Template->new(INCLUDE_PATH => '/tmp', POST_CHOMP => 1) || die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
# filename $tt->process('welcome.tt2') || die $tt->error(), "\n"; # text reference $text = "[% INCLUDE header %]\nHello world!\n[% INCLUDE footer %]"; $tt->process(\$text) || die $tt->error(), "\n"; # file handle (GLOB) $tt->process(\*DATA) || die $tt->error(), "\n"; __END__ [% INCLUDE header %] This is a template defined in the __END__ section which is accessible via the DATA "file handle". [% INCLUDE footer %]
By default, the processed template output is printed to "STDOUT". The "process()" method then returns 1 to indicate success. A third parameter may be passed to the "process()" method to specify a different output location. This value may be one of: a plain string indicating a filename which will be opened (relative to "OUTPUT_PATH", if defined) and the output written to; a file GLOB opened ready for output; a reference to a scalar (e.g. a text string) to which output/error is appended; a reference to a subroutine which is called, passing the output as a parameter; or any object reference which implements a "print()" method (e.g. "IO::Handle", "Apache::Request", etc.) which will be called, passing the generated output as a parameter.
Examples:
# output filename $tt->process('welcome.tt2', $vars, 'welcome.html') || die $tt->error(), "\n"; # reference to output subroutine sub myout { my $output = shift; ... } $tt->process('welcome.tt2', $vars, \&myout) || die $tt->error(), "\n"; # reference to output text string my $output = ''; $tt->process('welcome.tt2', $vars, \$output) || die $tt->error(), "\n"; print "output: $output\n";
In an Apache/mod_perl handler:
sub handler { my $req = shift; # ...your code here... # direct output to Apache::Request via $req->print($output) $tt->process($file, $vars, $req) || do { $req->log_reason($tt->error()); return SERVER_ERROR; }; return OK; }
After the optional third output argument can come an optional reference to a hash or a list of "(name, value)" pairs providing further options for the output. The only option currently supported is "binmode" which, when set to any true value will ensure that files created (but not any existing file handles passed) will be set to binary mode.
# either: hash reference of options $tt->process($infile, $vars, $outfile, { binmode => 1 }) || die $tt->error(), "\n"; # or: list of name, value pairs $tt->process($infile, $vars, $outfile, binmode => 1) || die $tt->error(), "\n";
Alternately, the "binmode" argument can specify a particular IO layer such as ":utf8".
$tt->process($infile, $vars, $outfile, binmode => ':utf8') || die $tt->error(), "\n";
The "OUTPUT" configuration item can be used to specify a default output location other than "\*STDOUT". The "OUTPUT_PATH" specifies a directory which should be prefixed to all output locations specified as filenames.
my $tt = Template->new({ OUTPUT => sub { ... }, # default OUTPUT_PATH => '/tmp', ... }) || die Template->error(), "\n"; # use default OUTPUT (sub is called) $tt->process('welcome.tt2', $vars) || die $tt->error(), "\n"; # write file to '/tmp/welcome.html' $tt->process('welcome.tt2', $vars, 'welcome.html') || die $tt->error(), "\n";
The "process()" method returns 1 on success or "undef" on error. The error message generated in the latter case can be retrieved by calling the error() method. See also ``CONFIGURATION SUMMARY'' which describes how error handling may be further customised.
my $tt = Template->new() || die Template->error(), "\n"; my $tt = Template->new() || die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
When called as an object method, it returns the value of the internal "_ERROR" variable, as set by an error condition in a previous call to process().
$tt->process('welcome.tt2') || die $tt->error(), "\n";
Errors are represented in the Template Toolkit by objects of the Template::Exception class. If the process() method returns a false value then the "error()" method can be called to return an object of this class. The type() and info() methods can called on the object to retrieve the error type and information string, respectively. The as_string() method can be called to return a string of the form "$type - $info". This method is also overloaded onto the stringification operator allowing the object reference itself to be printed to return the formatted error string.
$tt->process('somefile') || do { my $error = $tt->error(); print "error type: ", $error->type(), "\n"; print "error info: ", $error->info(), "\n"; print $error, "\n"; };
Specifies the character encoding.
START_TAG, END_TAG
Define tokens that indicate start and end of directives (default: '"[%"' and '"%]"').
TAG_STYLE
Set "START_TAG" and "END_TAG" according to a pre-defined style (default: '"template"', as above).
PRE_CHOMP, POST_CHOMP
Removes whitespace before/after directives (default: 0/0).
TRIM
Remove leading and trailing whitespace from template output (default: 0).
INTERPOLATE
Interpolate variables embedded like $this or "${this}" (default: 0).
ANYCASE
Allow directive keywords in lower case (default: 0 - UPPER only).
One or more directories to search for templates.
DELIMITER
Delimiter for separating paths in "INCLUDE_PATH" (default: '":"').
ABSOLUTE
Allow absolute file names, e.g. "/foo/bar.html" (default: 0).
RELATIVE
Allow relative filenames, e.g. "../foo/bar.html" (default: 0).
DEFAULT
Default template to use when another not found.
BLOCKS
Hash array pre-defining template blocks.
AUTO_RESET
Enabled by default causing "BLOCK" definitions to be reset each time a template is processed. Disable to allow "BLOCK" definitions to persist.
RECURSION
Flag to permit recursion into templates (default: 0).
Hash array of variables and values to pre-define in the stash.
Flag to indicate if "PERL"/"RAWPERL" blocks should be processed (default: 0).
PRE_PROCESS, POST_PROCESS
Name of template(s) to process before/after main template.
PROCESS
Name of template(s) to process instead of main template.
ERROR
Name of error template or reference to hash array mapping error types to templates.
OUTPUT
Default output location or handler.
OUTPUT_PATH
Directory into which output files can be written.
DEBUG
Maximum number of compiled templates to cache in memory (default: undef - cache all)
COMPILE_EXT
Filename extension for compiled template files (default: undef - don't compile).
COMPILE_DIR
Root of directory in which compiled template files should be written (default: undef - don't compile).
Reference to a hash array mapping plugin names to Perl packages.
PLUGIN_BASE
One or more base classes under which plugins may be found.
LOAD_PERL
Flag to indicate regular Perl modules should be loaded if a named plugin can't be found (default: 0).
FILTERS
Hash array mapping filter names to filter subroutines or factories.
List of template providers.
LOAD_PLUGINS
List of plugin providers.
LOAD_FILTERS
List of filter providers.
TOLERANT
Set providers to tolerate errors as declinations (default: 0).
SERVICE
Reference to a custom service object (default: Template::Service).
CONTEXT
Reference to a custom context object (default: Template::Context).
STASH
Reference to a custom stash object (default: Template::Stash).
PARSER
Reference to a custom parser object (default: Template::Parser).
GRAMMAR
Reference to a custom grammar object (default: Template::Grammar).
[% GET variable %] # 'GET' keyword is optional [% variable %] [% hash.key %] [% list.n %] [% code(args) %] [% obj.meth(args) %] [% "value: $var" %]
[% CALL variable %]
[% SET variable = value %] # 'SET' also optional [% variable = other_variable variable = 'literal text @ $100' variable = "interpolated text: $var" list = [ val, val, val, val, ... ] list = [ val..val ] hash = { var => val, var => val, ... } %]
[% DEFAULT variable = value %]
[% INSERT legalese.txt %]
[% PROCESS template %] [% PROCESS template var = val, ... %]
[% INCLUDE template %] [% INCLUDE template var = val, ... %]
[% WRAPPER layout %] Some template markup [% blah %]... [% END %]
A simple layout template might look something like this:
Your header here... [% content %] Your footer here...
[% BLOCK hello %] Hello World [% END %] [% INCLUDE hello %]
[% FOREACH variable IN [ val, val, val ] %] # either [% FOREACH variable IN list %] # or The variable is set to [% variable %] [% END %]
[% WHILE condition %] content [% END %]
[% IF condition %] content [% ELSIF condition %] content [% ELSE %] content [% END %] [% UNLESS condition %] content [% # ELSIF/ELSE as per IF, above %] content [% END %]
[% SWITCH variable %] [% CASE val1 %] content [% CASE [ val2, val3 ] %] content [% CASE %] # or [% CASE DEFAULT %] content [% END %]
[% MACRO name <directive> %] [% MACRO name(arg1, arg2) <directive> %] ... [% name %] [% name(val1, val2) %]
[% FILTER name %] # either [% FILTER name( params ) %] # or [% FILTER alias = name( params ) %] # or content [% END %]
[% USE name %] # either [% USE name( params ) %] # or [% USE var = name( params ) %] # or ... [% name.method %] [% var.method %]
[% PERL %] # perl code goes here $stash->set('foo', 10); print "set 'foo' to ", $stash->get('foo'), "\n"; print $context->include('footer', { var => $val }); [% END %] [% RAWPERL %] # raw perl code goes here, no magic but fast. $output .= 'some output'; [% END %]
[% TRY %] content [% THROW type info %] [% CATCH type %] catch content [% error.type %] [% error.info %] [% CATCH %] # or [% CATCH DEFAULT %] content [% FINAL %] this block is always processed [% END %]
[% NEXT %]
[% LAST %]
[% RETURN %]
[% STOP %]
[% TAGS html %] [% TAGS <!-- --> %]
[% # this is a comment to the end of line foo = 'bar' %] [%# placing the '#' immediately inside the directive tag comments out the entire directive %]
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.