:mod:`pkgutil` --- Package extension utility
============================================
.. module:: pkgutil
:synopsis: Utilities for the import system.
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/pkgutil.py`
--------------
This module provides utilities for the import system, in particular package
support.
.. class:: ModuleInfo(module_finder, name, ispkg)
A namedtuple that holds a brief summary of a module's info.
.. versionadded:: 3.6
.. function:: extend_path(path, name)
Extend the search path for the modules which comprise a package. Intended
use is to place the following code in a package's :file:`__init__.py`::
from pkgutil import extend_path
__path__ = extend_path(__path__, __name__)
This will add to the package's ``__path__`` all subdirectories of directories
on :data:`sys.path` named after the package. This is useful if one wants to
distribute different parts of a single logical package as multiple
directories.
It also looks for :file:`\*.pkg` files beginning where ``*`` matches the
*name* argument. This feature is similar to :file:`\*.pth` files (see the
:mod:`site` module for more information), except that it doesn't special-case
lines starting with ``import``. A :file:`\*.pkg` file is trusted at face
value: apart from checking for duplicates, all entries found in a
:file:`\*.pkg` file are added to the path, regardless of whether they exist
on the filesystem. (This is a feature.)
If the input path is not a list (as is the case for frozen packages) it is
returned unchanged. The input path is not modified; an extended copy is
returned. Items are only appended to the copy at the end.
It is assumed that :data:`sys.path` is a sequence. Items of :data:`sys.path`
that are not strings referring to existing directories are ignored. Unicode
items on :data:`sys.path` that cause errors when used as filenames may cause
this function to raise an exception (in line with :func:`os.path.isdir`
behavior).
.. class:: ImpImporter(dirname=None)
:pep:`302` Finder that wraps Python's "classic" import algorithm.
If *dirname* is a string, a :pep:`302` finder is created that searches that
directory. If *dirname* is ``None``, a :pep:`302` finder is created that
searches the current :data:`sys.path`, plus any modules that are frozen or
built-in.
Note that :class:`ImpImporter` does not currently support being used by
placement on :data:`sys.meta_path`.
.. deprecated:: 3.3
This emulation is no longer needed, as the standard import mechanism
is now fully :pep:`302` compliant and available in :mod:`importlib`.
.. class:: ImpLoader(fullname, file, filename, etc)
:term:`Loader <loader>` that wraps Python's "classic" import algorithm.
.. deprecated:: 3.3
This emulation is no longer needed, as the standard import mechanism
is now fully :pep:`302` compliant and available in :mod:`importlib`.
.. function:: find_loader(fullname)
Retrieve a module :term:`loader` for the given *fullname*.
This is a backwards compatibility wrapper around
:func:`importlib.util.find_spec` that converts most failures to
:exc:`ImportError` and only returns the loader rather than the full
:class:`ModuleSpec`.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Updated to be based directly on :mod:`importlib` rather than relying
on the package internal :pep:`302` import emulation.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Updated to be based on :pep:`451`
.. function:: get_importer(path_item)
Retrieve a :term:`finder` for the given *path_item*.
The returned finder is cached in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` if it was
newly created by a path hook.
The cache (or part of it) can be cleared manually if a rescan of
:data:`sys.path_hooks` is necessary.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Updated to be based directly on :mod:`importlib` rather than relying
on the package internal :pep:`302` import emulation.
.. function:: get_loader(module_or_name)
Get a :term:`loader` object for *module_or_name*.
If the module or package is accessible via the normal import mechanism, a
wrapper around the relevant part of that machinery is returned. Returns
``None`` if the module cannot be found or imported. If the named module is
not already imported, its containing package (if any) is imported, in order
to establish the package ``__path__``.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Updated to be based directly on :mod:`importlib` rather than relying
on the package internal :pep:`302` import emulation.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Updated to be based on :pep:`451`
.. function:: iter_importers(fullname='')
Yield :term:`finder` objects for the given module name.
If fullname contains a ``'.'``, the finders will be for the package
containing fullname, otherwise they will be all registered top level
finders (i.e. those on both :data:`sys.meta_path` and :data:`sys.path_hooks`).
If the named module is in a package, that package is imported as a side
effect of invoking this function.
If no module name is specified, all top level finders are produced.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Updated to be based directly on :mod:`importlib` rather than relying
on the package internal :pep:`302` import emulation.
.. function:: iter_modules(path=None, prefix='')
Yields :class:`ModuleInfo` for all submodules on *path*, or, if
*path* is ``None``, all top-level modules on :data:`sys.path`.
*path* should be either ``None`` or a list of paths to look for modules in.
*prefix* is a string to output on the front of every module name on output.
.. note::
Only works for a :term:`finder` which defines an ``iter_modules()``
method. This interface is non-standard, so the module also provides
implementations for :class:`importlib.machinery.FileFinder` and
:class:`zipimport.zipimporter`.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Updated to be based directly on :mod:`importlib` rather than relying
on the package internal :pep:`302` import emulation.
.. function:: walk_packages(path=None, prefix='', onerror=None)
Yields :class:`ModuleInfo` for all modules recursively on
*path*, or, if *path* is ``None``, all accessible modules.
*path* should be either ``None`` or a list of paths to look for modules in.
*prefix* is a string to output on the front of every module name on output.
Note that this function must import all *packages* (*not* all modules!) on
the given *path*, in order to access the ``__path__`` attribute to find
submodules.
*onerror* is a function which gets called with one argument (the name of the
package which was being imported) if any exception occurs while trying to
import a package. If no *onerror* function is supplied, :exc:`ImportError`\s
are caught and ignored, while all other exceptions are propagated,
terminating the search.
Examples::
# list all modules python can access
walk_packages()
# list all submodules of ctypes
walk_packages(ctypes.__path__, ctypes.__name__ + '.')
.. note::
Only works for a :term:`finder` which defines an ``iter_modules()``
method. This interface is non-standard, so the module also provides
implementations for :class:`importlib.machinery.FileFinder` and
:class:`zipimport.zipimporter`.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Updated to be based directly on :mod:`importlib` rather than relying
on the package internal :pep:`302` import emulation.
.. function:: get_data(package, resource)
Get a resource from a package.
This is a wrapper for the :term:`loader`
:meth:`get_data <importlib.abc.ResourceLoader.get_data>` API. The
*package* argument should be the name of a package, in standard module format
(``foo.bar``). The *resource* argument should be in the form of a relative
filename, using ``/`` as the path separator. The parent directory name
``..`` is not allowed, and nor is a rooted name (starting with a ``/``).
The function returns a binary string that is the contents of the specified
resource.
For packages located in the filesystem, which have already been imported,
this is the rough equivalent of::
d = os.path.dirname(sys.modules[package].__file__)
data = open(os.path.join(d, resource), 'rb').read()
If the package cannot be located or loaded, or it uses a :term:`loader`
which does not support :meth:`get_data <importlib.abc.ResourceLoader.get_data>`,
then ``None`` is returned. In particular, the :term:`loader` for
:term:`namespace packages <namespace package>` does not support
:meth:`get_data <importlib.abc.ResourceLoader.get_data>`.
.. function:: resolve_name(name)
Resolve a name to an object.
This functionality is used in numerous places in the standard library (see
:issue:`12915`) - and equivalent functionality is also in widely used
third-party packages such as setuptools, Django and Pyramid.
It is expected that *name* will be a string in one of the following
formats, where W is shorthand for a valid Python identifier and dot stands
for a literal period in these pseudo-regexes:
* ``W(.W)*``
* ``W(.W)*:(W(.W)*)?``
The first form is intended for backward compatibility only. It assumes that
some part of the dotted name is a package, and the rest is an object
somewhere within that package, possibly nested inside other objects.
Because the place where the package stops and the object hierarchy starts
can't be inferred by inspection, repeated attempts to import must be done
with this form.
In the second form, the caller makes the division point clear through the
provision of a single colon: the dotted name to the left of the colon is a
package to be imported, and the dotted name to the right is the object
hierarchy within that package. Only one import is needed in this form. If
it ends with the colon, then a module object is returned.
The function will return an object (which might be a module), or raise one
of the following exceptions:
:exc:`ValueError` -- if *name* isn't in a recognised format.
:exc:`ImportError` -- if an import failed when it shouldn't have.
:exc:`AttributeError` -- If a failure occurred when traversing the object
hierarchy within the imported package to get to the desired object.
.. versionadded:: 3.9
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