:mod:`importlib.resources` -- Resources
---------------------------------------
.. module:: importlib.resources
:synopsis: Package resource reading, opening, and access
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/importlib/resources/__init__.py`
--------------
.. versionadded:: 3.7
This module leverages Python's import system to provide access to *resources*
within *packages*. If you can import a package, you can access resources
within that package. Resources can be opened or read, in either binary or
text mode.
Resources are roughly akin to files inside directories, though it's important
to keep in mind that this is just a metaphor. Resources and packages **do
not** have to exist as physical files and directories on the file system:
for example, a package and its resources can be imported from a zip file using
:py:mod:`zipimport`.
.. note::
This module provides functionality similar to `pkg_resources
<https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html>`_ `Basic
Resource Access
<https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html#basic-resource-access>`_
without the performance overhead of that package. This makes reading
resources included in packages easier, with more stable and consistent
semantics.
The standalone backport of this module provides more information
on `using importlib.resources
<https://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io/en/latest/using.html>`_ and
`migrating from pkg_resources to importlib.resources
<https://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io/en/latest/migration.html>`_.
:class:`Loaders <importlib.abc.Loader>` that wish to support resource reading should implement a
``get_resource_reader(fullname)`` method as specified by
:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`.
.. data:: Package
Whenever a function accepts a ``Package`` argument, you can pass in
either a :class:`module object <types.ModuleType>` or a module name
as a string. You can only pass module objects whose
``__spec__.submodule_search_locations`` is not ``None``.
The ``Package`` type is defined as ``Union[str, ModuleType]``.
.. function:: files(package)
Returns a :class:`~importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` object
representing the resource container for the package (think directory)
and its resources (think files). A Traversable may contain other
containers (think subdirectories).
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
:data:`Package` requirements.
.. versionadded:: 3.9
.. function:: as_file(traversable)
Given a :class:`~importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` object representing
a file, typically from :func:`importlib.resources.files`, return
a context manager for use in a :keyword:`with` statement.
The context manager provides a :class:`pathlib.Path` object.
Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary file created when the
resource was extracted from e.g. a zip file.
Use ``as_file`` when the Traversable methods
(``read_text``, etc) are insufficient and an actual file on
the file system is required.
.. versionadded:: 3.9
Deprecated functions
--------------------
An older, deprecated set of functions is still available, but is
scheduled for removal in a future version of Python.
The main drawback of these functions is that they do not support
directories: they assume all resources are located directly within a *package*.
.. data:: Resource
For *resource* arguments of the functions below, you can pass in
the name of a resource as a string or
a :class:`path-like object <os.PathLike>`.
The ``Resource`` type is defined as ``Union[str, os.PathLike]``.
.. function:: open_binary(package, resource)
Open for binary reading the *resource* within *package*.
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
``Package`` requirements. *resource* is the name of the resource to open
within *package*; it may not contain path separators and it may not have
sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). This function returns a
``typing.BinaryIO`` instance, a binary I/O stream open for reading.
.. deprecated:: 3.11
Calls to this function can be replaced by::
files(package).joinpath(resource).open('rb')
.. function:: open_text(package, resource, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
Open for text reading the *resource* within *package*. By default, the
resource is opened for reading as UTF-8.
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
``Package`` requirements. *resource* is the name of the resource to open
within *package*; it may not contain path separators and it may not have
sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). *encoding* and *errors*
have the same meaning as with built-in :func:`open`.
This function returns a ``typing.TextIO`` instance, a text I/O stream open
for reading.
.. deprecated:: 3.11
Calls to this function can be replaced by::
files(package).joinpath(resource).open('r', encoding=encoding)
.. function:: read_binary(package, resource)
Read and return the contents of the *resource* within *package* as
``bytes``.
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
``Package`` requirements. *resource* is the name of the resource to open
within *package*; it may not contain path separators and it may not have
sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). This function returns the
contents of the resource as :class:`bytes`.
.. deprecated:: 3.11
Calls to this function can be replaced by::
files(package).joinpath(resource).read_bytes()
.. function:: read_text(package, resource, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
Read and return the contents of *resource* within *package* as a ``str``.
By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
``Package`` requirements. *resource* is the name of the resource to open
within *package*; it may not contain path separators and it may not have
sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). *encoding* and *errors*
have the same meaning as with built-in :func:`open`. This function
returns the contents of the resource as :class:`str`.
.. deprecated:: 3.11
Calls to this function can be replaced by::
files(package).joinpath(resource).read_text(encoding=encoding)
.. function:: path(package, resource)
Return the path to the *resource* as an actual file system path. This
function returns a context manager for use in a :keyword:`with` statement.
The context manager provides a :class:`pathlib.Path` object.
Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary file created when the
resource needs to be extracted from e.g. a zip file.
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
``Package`` requirements. *resource* is the name of the resource to open
within *package*; it may not contain path separators and it may not have
sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory).
.. deprecated:: 3.11
Calls to this function can be replaced using :func:`as_file`::
as_file(files(package).joinpath(resource))
.. function:: is_resource(package, name)
Return ``True`` if there is a resource named *name* in the package,
otherwise ``False``.
This function does not consider directories to be resources.
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
``Package`` requirements.
.. deprecated:: 3.11
Calls to this function can be replaced by::
files(package).joinpath(resource).is_file()
.. function:: contents(package)
Return an iterable over the named items within the package. The iterable
returns :class:`str` resources (e.g. files) and non-resources
(e.g. directories). The iterable does not recurse into subdirectories.
*package* is either a name or a module object which conforms to the
``Package`` requirements.
.. deprecated:: 3.11
Calls to this function can be replaced by::
(resource.name for resource in files(package).iterdir() if resource.is_file())
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