:mod:`gzip` --- Support for :program:`gzip` files
=================================================
.. module:: gzip
:synopsis: Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/gzip.py`
--------------
This module provides a simple interface to compress and decompress files just
like the GNU programs :program:`gzip` and :program:`gunzip` would.
The data compression is provided by the :mod:`zlib` module.
The :mod:`gzip` module provides the :class:`GzipFile` class, as well as the
:func:`.open`, :func:`compress` and :func:`decompress` convenience functions.
The :class:`GzipFile` class reads and writes :program:`gzip`\ -format files,
automatically compressing or decompressing the data so that it looks like an
ordinary :term:`file object`.
Note that additional file formats which can be decompressed by the
:program:`gzip` and :program:`gunzip` programs, such as those produced by
:program:`compress` and :program:`pack`, are not supported by this module.
The module defines the following items:
.. function:: open(filename, mode='rb', compresslevel=9, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)
Open a gzip-compressed file in binary or text mode, returning a :term:`file
object`.
The *filename* argument can be an actual filename (a :class:`str` or
:class:`bytes` object), or an existing file object to read from or write to.
The *mode* argument can be any of ``'r'``, ``'rb'``, ``'a'``, ``'ab'``,
``'w'``, ``'wb'``, ``'x'`` or ``'xb'`` for binary mode, or ``'rt'``,
``'at'``, ``'wt'``, or ``'xt'`` for text mode. The default is ``'rb'``.
The *compresslevel* argument is an integer from 0 to 9, as for the
:class:`GzipFile` constructor.
For binary mode, this function is equivalent to the :class:`GzipFile`
constructor: ``GzipFile(filename, mode, compresslevel)``. In this case, the
*encoding*, *errors* and *newline* arguments must not be provided.
For text mode, a :class:`GzipFile` object is created, and wrapped in an
:class:`io.TextIOWrapper` instance with the specified encoding, error
handling behavior, and line ending(s).
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Added support for *filename* being a file object, support for text mode,
and the *encoding*, *errors* and *newline* arguments.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Added support for the ``'x'``, ``'xb'`` and ``'xt'`` modes.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
.. exception:: BadGzipFile
An exception raised for invalid gzip files. It inherits :exc:`OSError`.
:exc:`EOFError` and :exc:`zlib.error` can also be raised for invalid gzip
files.
.. versionadded:: 3.8
.. class:: GzipFile(filename=None, mode=None, compresslevel=9, fileobj=None, mtime=None)
Constructor for the :class:`GzipFile` class, which simulates most of the
methods of a :term:`file object`, with the exception of the :meth:`truncate`
method. At least one of *fileobj* and *filename* must be given a non-trivial
value.
The new class instance is based on *fileobj*, which can be a regular file, an
:class:`io.BytesIO` object, or any other object which simulates a file. It
defaults to ``None``, in which case *filename* is opened to provide a file
object.
When *fileobj* is not ``None``, the *filename* argument is only used to be
included in the :program:`gzip` file header, which may include the original
filename of the uncompressed file. It defaults to the filename of *fileobj*, if
discernible; otherwise, it defaults to the empty string, and in this case the
original filename is not included in the header.
The *mode* argument can be any of ``'r'``, ``'rb'``, ``'a'``, ``'ab'``, ``'w'``,
``'wb'``, ``'x'``, or ``'xb'``, depending on whether the file will be read or
written. The default is the mode of *fileobj* if discernible; otherwise, the
default is ``'rb'``. In future Python releases the mode of *fileobj* will
not be used. It is better to always specify *mode* for writing.
Note that the file is always opened in binary mode. To open a compressed file
in text mode, use :func:`.open` (or wrap your :class:`GzipFile` with an
:class:`io.TextIOWrapper`).
The *compresslevel* argument is an integer from ``0`` to ``9`` controlling
the level of compression; ``1`` is fastest and produces the least
compression, and ``9`` is slowest and produces the most compression. ``0``
is no compression. The default is ``9``.
The *mtime* argument is an optional numeric timestamp to be written to
the last modification time field in the stream when compressing. It
should only be provided in compression mode. If omitted or ``None``, the
current time is used. See the :attr:`mtime` attribute for more details.
Calling a :class:`GzipFile` object's :meth:`close` method does not close
*fileobj*, since you might wish to append more material after the compressed
data. This also allows you to pass an :class:`io.BytesIO` object opened for
writing as *fileobj*, and retrieve the resulting memory buffer using the
:class:`io.BytesIO` object's :meth:`~io.BytesIO.getvalue` method.
:class:`GzipFile` supports the :class:`io.BufferedIOBase` interface,
including iteration and the :keyword:`with` statement. Only the
:meth:`truncate` method isn't implemented.
:class:`GzipFile` also provides the following method and attribute:
.. method:: peek(n)
Read *n* uncompressed bytes without advancing the file position.
At most one single read on the compressed stream is done to satisfy
the call. The number of bytes returned may be more or less than
requested.
.. note:: While calling :meth:`peek` does not change the file position of
the :class:`GzipFile`, it may change the position of the underlying
file object (e.g. if the :class:`GzipFile` was constructed with the
*fileobj* parameter).
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. attribute:: mtime
When decompressing, the value of the last modification time field in
the most recently read header may be read from this attribute, as an
integer. The initial value before reading any headers is ``None``.
All :program:`gzip` compressed streams are required to contain this
timestamp field. Some programs, such as :program:`gunzip`\ , make use
of the timestamp. The format is the same as the return value of
:func:`time.time` and the :attr:`~os.stat_result.st_mtime` attribute of
the object returned by :func:`os.stat`.
.. versionchanged:: 3.1
Support for the :keyword:`with` statement was added, along with the
*mtime* constructor argument and :attr:`mtime` attribute.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Support for zero-padded and unseekable files was added.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
The :meth:`io.BufferedIOBase.read1` method is now implemented.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Added support for the ``'x'`` and ``'xb'`` modes.
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
Added support for writing arbitrary
:term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`.
The :meth:`~io.BufferedIOBase.read` method now accepts an argument of
``None``.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
.. deprecated:: 3.9
Opening :class:`GzipFile` for writing without specifying the *mode*
argument is deprecated.
.. function:: compress(data, compresslevel=9, *, mtime=None)
Compress the *data*, returning a :class:`bytes` object containing
the compressed data. *compresslevel* and *mtime* have the same meaning as in
the :class:`GzipFile` constructor above. When *mtime* is set to ``0``, this
function is equivalent to :func:`zlib.compress` with *wbits* set to ``31``.
The zlib function is faster.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
Added the *mtime* parameter for reproducible output.
.. versionchanged:: 3.11
Speed is improved by compressing all data at once instead of in a
streamed fashion. Calls with *mtime* set to ``0`` are delegated to
:func:`zlib.compress` for better speed.
.. function:: decompress(data)
Decompress the *data*, returning a :class:`bytes` object containing the
uncompressed data. This function is capable of decompressing multi-member
gzip data (multiple gzip blocks concatenated together). When the data is
certain to contain only one member the :func:`zlib.decompress` function with
*wbits* set to 31 is faster.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. versionchanged:: 3.11
Speed is improved by decompressing members at once in memory instead of in
a streamed fashion.
.. _gzip-usage-examples:
Examples of usage
-----------------
Example of how to read a compressed file::
import gzip
with gzip.open('/home/joe/file.txt.gz', 'rb') as f:
file_content = f.read()
Example of how to create a compressed GZIP file::
import gzip
content = b"Lots of content here"
with gzip.open('/home/joe/file.txt.gz', 'wb') as f:
f.write(content)
Example of how to GZIP compress an existing file::
import gzip
import shutil
with open('/home/joe/file.txt', 'rb') as f_in:
with gzip.open('/home/joe/file.txt.gz', 'wb') as f_out:
shutil.copyfileobj(f_in, f_out)
Example of how to GZIP compress a binary string::
import gzip
s_in = b"Lots of content here"
s_out = gzip.compress(s_in)
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`zlib`
The basic data compression module needed to support the :program:`gzip` file
format.
.. program:: gzip
Command Line Interface
----------------------
The :mod:`gzip` module provides a simple command line interface to compress or
decompress files.
Once executed the :mod:`gzip` module keeps the input file(s).
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
Add a new command line interface with a usage.
By default, when you will execute the CLI, the default compression level is 6.
Command line options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. cmdoption:: file
If *file* is not specified, read from :attr:`sys.stdin`.
.. cmdoption:: --fast
Indicates the fastest compression method (less compression).
.. cmdoption:: --best
Indicates the slowest compression method (best compression).
.. cmdoption:: -d, --decompress
Decompress the given file.
.. cmdoption:: -h, --help
Show the help message.
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