Notes about the inner workings of the widget system of GTK+
===========================================================
This file contains some notes as to how the widget system does
and should work. It consists of three parts:
I) A description of the meaning of the various flags
II) A list of invariants about the states of the widgets.
(Throughout this document, we refer to the states of the
widgets by referring to the flags for GtkWidget)
III) Some notes about the ways that a widget changes states
IV) A list of responsibilities of various widget signals when
the states change.
Any action necessary to maintain the invariants in II which is not
explicitly mentioned in IV), is the responsibility of the core GTK
code, which is roughly defined as:
gtkobject.c
gtkwidget.c
gtkcontainer.c
gtkmain.c
gtksignal.c
Section II is mostly of interest to those maintaining GTK, the
other sections may also be interesting to people writing
new widgets.
Main outline:
- Owen Taylor <owt1@cornell.edu>
1998/02/03
Flag descriptions:
- Tim Janik <timj@gimp.org>
1998/02/04
I. Flags
--------
GtkObject:
GTK_DESTROYED:
This flagged is set for a GtkObject right before its
destruction code is executed. Its main use is the
prevention of multiple destruction invocations.
GTK_FLOATING:
This flag reflects the fact that the holder of the
initial reference count is unknown. Refer to refcounting.txt
for further details.
GTK_RESERVED_1:
GTK_RESERVED_2:
Reserved flags.
GtkWidget, public flags:
GTK_TOPLEVEL:
Widgets without a real parent, as there are GtkWindows and
GtkMenus have this flag set throughout their lifetime.
Toplevel widgets always contain their own GdkWindow.
GTK_NO_WINDOW:
This flag is indicative for a widget that does not provide
its own GdkWindow. Visible action (e.g. drawing) is performed
on the parent's GdkWindow.
GTK_REALIZED:
Set by gtk_widget_realize, unset by gtk_widget_unrealize.
Relies on ((widget->parent && widget->parent->window)
|| GTK_WIDGET_TOPLEVEL (widget));
Means: widget has an associated GdkWindow (XWindow).
GTK_MAPPED:
Set by gtk_widget_map, unset by gtk_widget_unmap.
May only be set if GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget).
Means: gdk_window_show() has been called on the widgets window(s).
GTK_VISIBLE:
Set by gtk_widget_show.
Implies that a widget will be flagged GTK_MAPPED as soon as its
parent is mapped.
!GTK_VISIBLE:
Set by gtk_widget_hide.
Implies that a widget is not onscreen, therefore !GTK_MAPPED.
GTK_CHILD_VISIBLE
Set by gtk_widget_set_child_visible, and if FALSE indicates that
the widget should not be mapped even if the parent is mapped
and visible. Containers like GtkNotebook use this flag.
A private flag, not a public flag, so if you need to check
this flag, you should call gtk_widget_get_child_visible().
(Should be very rarely necessary.)
GTK_SENSITIVE:
Set and unset by gtk_widget_set_sensitive.
The sensitivity of a widget determines whether it will receive
certain events (e.g. button or key presses). One premise for
the widgets sensitivity is to have GTK_SENSITIVE set.
GTK_PARENT_SENSITIVE:
Set and unset by gtk_widget_set_sensitive operations on the
parents of the widget.
This is the second premise for the widgets sensitivity. Once
it has GTK_SENSITIVE and GTK_PARENT_SENSITIVE set, its state is
effectively sensitive. This is expressed (and can be examined) by
the GTK_WIDGET_IS_SENSITIVE macro.
GTK_CAN_FOCUS:
There are no directly corresponding functions for setting/unsetting
this flag, but it can be affected by the GtkWidget::has_focus argument
via gtk_widget_set_arg.
This flag determines whether a widget is able to handle focus grabs.
GTK_HAS_FOCUS:
This flag will be set by gtk_widget_grab_focus for widgets that also
have GTK_CAN_FOCUS set. The flag will be unset once another widget
grabs the focus.
GTK_CAN_DEFAULT:
GTK_HAS_DEFAULT:
These two flags are mostly equal in functionality to their *_FOCUS
counterparts, but for the default widget.
GTK_HAS_GRAB:
Set by gtk_grab_add, unset by gtk_grab_remove.
Means: widget is in the grab_widgets stack, and will be the preferred
one for receiving events other than ones of cosmetic value.
GTK_BASIC:
The GTK_BASIC flag is an attempt at making a distinction
between widgets that handle user input e.g. key/button presses
and those that don't. Subsequent parent<->child relation ships
of non `basic' widgets should be avoided. The checking for
this is currently not properly enforced in the code. For
example GtkButton is a non `basic' widget, that will therefore
disallow to act as a container for another GtkButton. Now the
gnit is, one can add a GtkHBox (which is a `basic' widget) to
the first button, and put the second into the box.
GTK_RESERVED_3:
GTK_RC_STYLE:
This flag indicates that its style has been looked up through
the rc mechanism. It does not imply that the widget actually
had a style defined through the rc mechanism.
GtkWidget, private flags:
GTK_USER_STYLE:
A widget is flagged to have a user style, once gtk_widget_set_style
has been invoked for it. The use of this flag is to tell widgets
which share a global user style from the ones which got a certain
style assign from outside the toolkit.
GTK_RESIZE_PENDING:
First, this is only valid for GtkContainers.
[some of the code should move to gtkcontainer.c therefore]
Relies on GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED(widget)
[this is not really enforced throughout the code, but should
be. it only requires a few checks for GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED and
minor changes to gtk_widget_unrealize, we can then remove the check
in gtk_widget_real_destroy]
Means: there is an idle handler waiting for the container to
resize it.
GTK_RESIZE_NEEDED:
Relies on GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED(widget)
[this is not really enforced throughout the code, but should
be. once this is done special checking in gtk_widget_real_destroy
can be avoided]
Means: a widget has been added to the resize_widgets list of
its _toplevel_ container (keep this in mind for GtkViewport).
Remark: this flag is also used internally by gtkwindow.c during
the evaluation of resizing worthy widgets.
GTK_LEAVE_PENDING:
A widget is flagged as such if there is a leave_notify event
pending for it. It will receive this event regardless of a grab
through another widget or its current sensitivity.
[this should be made relying on GTK_REALIZED]
GTK_HAS_SHAPE_MASK:
Set by gtk_widget_shape_combine_mask if a widget got a shape mask
assigned (making use of the X11 shaped window extension).
GTK_IN_REPARENT:
During the act of reparentation widgets which are already
realized and will be added to an already realized parent need
to have this flag set to prevent natural unrealization on the
process of getting unparented.
GTK_NEED_REQUEST:
This flag is set if the widget doesn't have an up to date
requisition. If this flag is set, we must actually emit ::size-request
when gtk_widget_size_request() is called. Otherwise, we can
simply widget->requisition. We keep track of this all the time
however, widgets with this flag set are only added to the resize
queue if they are viewable.
GTK_NEED_ALLOCATION:
This flag is set if the widget doesn't have an up to date
allocation. If this flag is set, we must actually emit ::size-allocate
when gtk_widget_size_allocate() is called, even if the new allocation
is the same as the current allocation.
Related Macros:
GTK_WIDGET_DRAWABLE:
This macro examines whether a widget is flagged as GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE
and GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED.
Means: it _makes sense_ to draw in a widgets window.
GTK_WIDGET_IS_SENSITIVE:
This macro tells the real sensitivity state of a widget. It returns
whether both the widget and all its parents are in sensitive state.
II. Invariants:
---------------
This section describes various constraints on the states of
the widget:
In the following
A => B means if A is true, than B is true
A <=> B means A is true, if and only if B is true
(equivalent to A => B and A <= B)
1) GTK_WIDGET_DESTROYED (widget) => !GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget)
=> !GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE (widget)
[ The latter is not currently in place, but it should be ]
2) GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED (widget) => GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget)
3) if GTK_WIDGET_TOPLEVEL (widget):
GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE (widget) <=> GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED (widget)
4) if !GTK_WIDGET_TOPLEVEL (widget):
widget->parent && GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget->parent) <=>
GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget)
5) if !GTK_WIDGET_TOPLEVEL (widget):
GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED (widget) => GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE (widget)
=> GTK_WIDGET_CHILD_VISIBLE (widget)
=> GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED (widget)
widget->parent && GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED (widget->parent) &&
GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE (widget) && GTK_WIDGET_CHILD_VISIBLE
=> GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED (widget)
Note:, the definition
[ GTK_WIDGET_DRAWABLE = GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE && GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED
is made in gtkwidget.h, but by 3) and 5),
GTK_WIDGET_MAPPED => GTK_WIDGET_VISIBLE
]
6) GTK_REDRAW_PENDING => GTK_WIDGET_REALIZED
GTK_RESIZE_PENDING => "
GTK_LEAVE_PENDING => "
GTK_RESIZE_NEEDED => "
III. How states are changed:
----------------------------
How can the user control the state of a widget:
-----------------------------------------------
(In the following, set flag means set the flag, do appropriate
actions, and enforce above invariants)
gtk_widget_show:
if !GTK_DESTROYED sets GTK_VISIBLE
gtk_widget_hide:
if !GTK_VISIBLE for widget
gtk_widget_destroy:
sets GTK_DESTROYED
For a top-level widget
gtk_widget_realize:
if !GTK_DESTROYED sets GTK_REALIZED
- Calling gtk_widget_realize when the widget is not a descendant
of a toplevel is an ERROR.
gtk_container_add (container, widget) [ and container-specific variants ]
Sets widget->parent
gtk_container_remove (container, widget)
unsets widget->parent
gtk_widget_reparent (widget, new_parent)
Equivalent to removing widget from old parent and adding it to
the new parent, except that the widget will not be temporarily
unrealized if both the old parent and the new parent are realized.
gtk_widget_unrealize
gtk_widget_map
gtk_widget_unmap
These functions are not meant to be used by applications - they
are used only by GTK and widgets to enforce invariants on the
state.
When The X window corresponding to a GTK window is destroyed:
-------------------------------------------------------------
gtk_widget_destroy is called (as above).
IV. Responsibilities of widgets
--------------------------------
Adding to a container
---------------------
When a widget is added to a container, the container:
1) calls gtk_widget_set_parent_window (widget, window) if
the widget is being added to something other than container->window
2) calls gtk_widget_set_parent (widget, container)
Removing from a container
-------------------------
When a widget is removed to a container, the container:
1) Calls gtk_widget_unparent (widget)
2) Queues a resize.
Notes:
gtk_widget_unparent unrealizes the widget except in the
special case GTK_IN_REPARENT is set.
At widget creation
------------------
Widgets are created in an unrealized state.
1) The widget should allocate and initialize needed data structures
The Realize signal
------------------
When a widget receives the "realize" signal it should:
NO_WINDOW widgets: (probably OK to use default handler)
1) set the realized flag
2) set widget->window
widget->window = gtk_widget_get_parent_window (widget);
g_object_ref (widget->window);
3) attach the widget's style
widget->style = gtk_style_attach (widget->style, widget->window);
widget with window(s)
1) set the REALIZED flag
2) create windows with the parent obtained from
gtk_widget_get_parent_window (widget);
3) attach the widget's style
4) set the background color for the new window based on the style
The Map signal
--------------
1) Set the MAPPED flag
2) If the widget has any windows, gdk_window_show those windows
3) call gtk_widget_map for all child widgets that are
VISIBLE, CHILD_VISIBLE and !MAPPED. (A widget will only
be !CHILD_VISIBLE if the container set it that way, so
most containers will not have to check this.)
3) Do any other functions related to putting the widget onscreen.
(for instance, showing extra popup windows...)
The Unmap signal
----------------
When a widget receives the unmap signal, it must:
1) If the widget has a window, gdk_window_hide that window,
2) If the widget does not have a window, unmap all child widgets
3) Do any other functions related to taking the widget offscreen
(for instance, removing popup windows...)
4) Unset GTK_MAPPED
The Unrealize signal
--------------------
When a widget receives the unrealize signal, it must
1) For any windows other than widget->window do:
gdk_window_set_user_data (window, NULL);
gdk_window_destroy (window);
2) Call the parent's unrealize handler
The Widget class unrealize handler will take care of unrealizing
all children if necessary. [should this be made consistent with
unmap???]
The Destroy Signal
------------------
Commentary:
The destroy signal probably shouldn't exist at all. A widget
should merely be unrealized and removed from its parent
when the user calls gtk_widget_destroy or a GDK_DESTROY event
is received. However, a large body of code depends on
getting a definitive signal when a widget goes away.
That could be put in the finalization step, but, especially
with language bindings, the cleanup step may need to refer
back to the widget. (To use gtk_widget_get_data, for instance)
If it does so via a pointer in a closure (natural for
Scheme, or Perl), then the finalization procedure will never
be called.
Also, if we made that the finalization step, we would have
to propagate the GDK_DESTROY event in any case, since it is
at that point at which user-visible actions need to be taken.
When a widget receives the destroy signal, it must:
1) If the widget "owns" any widgets other than its child
widgets, (for instance popup windows) it should
call gtk_widget_destroy () for them.
2) Call the parent class's destroy handler.
The "destroy" signal will only be received once. A widget
will never receive any other signals after the destroy
signal (but see the section on "Finalize" below)
The widget must handle calls to all publically accessible
functions in an innocuous manner even after a "destroy"
signal. (A widget can assume that it will not be realized
after a "destroy" signal is received, which may simplify
handling this requirement)
The Finalize Pseudo-signal
--------------------------
The finalize pseudo-signal is received after all references
to the widget have been removed. The finalize callback
cannot make any GTK calls with the widget as a parameter.
1) Free any memory allocated by the widget. (But _not_
the widget structure itself.
2) Call the parent class's finalize signal
A note on chaining "destroy" signals and finalize signals:
---------------------------------------------------------
This is done by code like:
if (GTK_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->destroy)
(* GTK_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->destroy) (object);
It may not be completely obvious why this works. Note
that parent_class is a static variable on a per-class
basis. So say: we have
GtkFoo <- GtkBar <- GtkWidget <-GtkObject
And that Foo, Widget, and Object all have destructors, but
not Bar.
Then gtk_foo_destroy will call gtk_widget_destroy (because
it was not overridden in the Bar class structure) and
gtk_widget_destroy will call gtk_object_destroy because
the parent_class variable referenced by gtk_foo_destroy is the
static variable in gtkwidget.c: GtkObjectClass.
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