getitimer(2) System Calls Manual getitimer(2)
NAME
getitimer, setitimer - get or set value of an interval timer
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/time.h>
int getitimer(int which, struct itimerval *curr_value);
int setitimer(int which, const struct itimerval *restrict new_value,
struct itimerval *_Nullable restrict old_value);
DESCRIPTION
These system calls provide access to interval timers, that is, timers
that initially expire at some point in the future, and (optionally) at
regular intervals after that. When a timer expires, a signal is gener-
ated for the calling process, and the timer is reset to the specified
interval (if the interval is nonzero).
Three types of timers—specified via the which argument—are provided,
each of which counts against a different clock and generates a differ-
ent signal on timer expiration:
ITIMER_REAL
This timer counts down in real (i.e., wall clock) time. At each
expiration, a SIGALRM signal is generated.
ITIMER_VIRTUAL
This timer counts down against the user-mode CPU time consumed
by the process. (The measurement includes CPU time consumed by
all threads in the process.) At each expiration, a SIGVTALRM
signal is generated.
ITIMER_PROF
This timer counts down against the total (i.e., both user and
system) CPU time consumed by the process. (The measurement in-
cludes CPU time consumed by all threads in the process.) At
each expiration, a SIGPROF signal is generated.
In conjunction with ITIMER_VIRTUAL, this timer can be used to
profile user and system CPU time consumed by the process.
A process has only one of each of the three types of timers.
Timer values are defined by the following structures:
struct itimerval {
struct timeval it_interval; /* Interval for periodic timer */
struct timeval it_value; /* Time until next expiration */
};
struct timeval {
time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
suseconds_t tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};
getitimer()
The function getitimer() places the current value of the timer speci-
fied by which in the buffer pointed to by curr_value.
The it_value substructure is populated with the amount of time remain-
ing until the next expiration of the specified timer. This value
changes as the timer counts down, and will be reset to it_interval when
the timer expires. If both fields of it_value are zero, then this
timer is currently disarmed (inactive).
The it_interval substructure is populated with the timer interval. If
both fields of it_interval are zero, then this is a single-shot timer
(i.e., it expires just once).
setitimer()
The function setitimer() arms or disarms the timer specified by which,
by setting the timer to the value specified by new_value. If old_value
is non-NULL, the buffer it points to is used to return the previous
value of the timer (i.e., the same information that is returned by
getitimer()).
If either field in new_value.it_value is nonzero, then the timer is
armed to initially expire at the specified time. If both fields in
new_value.it_value are zero, then the timer is disarmed.
The new_value.it_interval field specifies the new interval for the
timer; if both of its subfields are zero, the timer is single-shot.
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is
set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
EFAULT new_value, old_value, or curr_value is not valid a pointer.
EINVAL which is not one of ITIMER_REAL, ITIMER_VIRTUAL, or ITIMER_PROF;
or (since Linux 2.6.22) one of the tv_usec fields in the struc-
ture pointed to by new_value contains a value outside the range
[0, 999999].
STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2001, SVr4, 4.4BSD (this call first appeared in 4.2BSD).
POSIX.1-2008 marks getitimer() and setitimer() obsolete, recommending
the use of the POSIX timers API (timer_gettime(2), timer_settime(2),
etc.) instead.
NOTES
Timers will never expire before the requested time, but may expire some
(short) time afterward, which depends on the system timer resolution
and on the system load; see time(7). (But see BUGS below.) If the
timer expires while the process is active (always true for ITIMER_VIR-
TUAL), the signal will be delivered immediately when generated.
A child created via fork(2) does not inherit its parent's interval
timers. Interval timers are preserved across an execve(2).
POSIX.1 leaves the interaction between setitimer() and the three inter-
faces alarm(2), sleep(3), and usleep(3) unspecified.
The standards are silent on the meaning of the call:
setitimer(which, NULL, &old_value);
Many systems (Solaris, the BSDs, and perhaps others) treat this as
equivalent to:
getitimer(which, &old_value);
In Linux, this is treated as being equivalent to a call in which the
new_value fields are zero; that is, the timer is disabled. Don't use
this Linux misfeature: it is nonportable and unnecessary.
BUGS
The generation and delivery of a signal are distinct, and only one in-
stance of each of the signals listed above may be pending for a
process. Under very heavy loading, an ITIMER_REAL timer may expire be-
fore the signal from a previous expiration has been delivered. The
second signal in such an event will be lost.
Before Linux 2.6.16, timer values are represented in jiffies. If a re-
quest is made set a timer with a value whose jiffies representation ex-
ceeds MAX_SEC_IN_JIFFIES (defined in include/linux/jiffies.h), then the
timer is silently truncated to this ceiling value. On Linux/i386
(where, since Linux 2.6.13, the default jiffy is 0.004 seconds), this
means that the ceiling value for a timer is approximately 99.42 days.
Since Linux 2.6.16, the kernel uses a different internal representation
for times, and this ceiling is removed.
On certain systems (including i386), Linux kernels before Linux 2.6.12
have a bug which will produce premature timer expirations of up to one
jiffy under some circumstances. This bug is fixed in Linux 2.6.12.
POSIX.1-2001 says that setitimer() should fail if a tv_usec value is
specified that is outside of the range [0, 999999]. However, up to and
including Linux 2.6.21, Linux does not give an error, but instead
silently adjusts the corresponding seconds value for the timer. From
Linux 2.6.22 onward, this nonconformance has been repaired: an improper
tv_usec value results in an EINVAL error.
SEE ALSO
gettimeofday(2), sigaction(2), signal(2), timer_create(2), timerfd_cre-
ate(2), time(7)
Linux man-pages 6.03 2023-02-12 getitimer(2)
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