rpc.gssd(8) System Manager's Manual rpc.gssd(8)
NAME
rpc.gssd - RPCSEC_GSS daemon
SYNOPSIS
rpc.gssd [-DfMnlvrHC] [-k keytab] [-p pipefsdir] [-d ccachedir] [-t
timeout] [-T timeout] [-U timeout] [-R realm]
INTRODUCTION
The RPCSEC_GSS protocol, defined in RFC 5403, is used to provide strong
security for RPC-based protocols such as NFS.
Before exchanging RPC requests using RPCSEC_GSS, an RPC client must es-
tablish a GSS security context. A security context is shared state on
each end of a network transport that enables GSS-API security services.
Security contexts are established using security credentials. A cre-
dential grants temporary access to a secure network service, much as a
railway ticket grants temporary access to use a rail service.
A user typically obtains a credential by providing a password to the
kinit(1) command, or via a PAM library at login time. A credential ac-
quired with a user principal is known as a user credential (see ker-
beros(1) for more on principals).
Certain operations require a credential that represents no particular
user or represents the host itself. This kind of credential is called
a machine credential.
A host establishes its machine credential using a service principal
whose encrypted password is stored in a local file known as a keytab.
A machine credential remains effective without user intervention as
long as the host can renew it.
Once obtained, credentials are typically stored in local temporary
files with well-known pathnames.
DESCRIPTION
To establish GSS security contexts using these credential files, the
Linux kernel RPC client depends on a userspace daemon called rpc.gssd.
The rpc.gssd daemon uses the rpc_pipefs filesystem to communicate with
the kernel.
User Credentials
When a user authenticates using a command such as kinit(1), the result-
ing credential is stored in a file with a well-known name constructed
using the user's UID.
To interact with an NFS server on behalf of a particular Kerberos-au-
thenticated user, the Linux kernel RPC client requests that rpc.gssd
initialize a security context with the credential in that user's cre-
dential file.
Typically, credential files are placed in /tmp. However, rpc.gssd can
search for credential files in more than one directory. See the de-
scription of the -d option for details.
Machine Credentials
rpc.gssd searches the default keytab, /etc/krb5.keytab, in the follow-
ing order for a principal and password to use when establishing the ma-
chine credential. For the search, rpc.gssd replaces <hostname> and
<REALM> with the local system's hostname and Kerberos realm.
<HOSTNAME>$@<REALM>
root/<hostname>@<REALM>
nfs/<hostname>@<REALM>
host/<hostname>@<REALM>
root/<anyname>@<REALM>
nfs/<anyname>@<REALM>
host/<anyname>@<REALM>
rpc.gssd selects one of the <anyname> entries if it does not find a
service principal matching the local hostname, e.g. if DHCP assigns the
local hostname dynamically. The <anyname> facility enables the use of
the same keytab on multiple systems. However, using the same service
principal to establish a machine credential on multiple hosts can cre-
ate unwanted security exposures and is therefore not recommended.
Note that <HOSTNAME>$@<REALM> is a user principal that enables Kerber-
ized NFS when the local system is joined to an Active Directory domain
using Samba. The keytab provides the password for this principal.
You can specify a different keytab by using the -k option if
/etc/krb5.keytab does not exist or does not provide one of these prin-
cipals.
Credentials for UID 0
UID 0 is a special case. By default rpc.gssd uses the system's machine
credentials for UID 0 accesses that require GSS authentication. This
limits the privileges of the root user when accessing network resources
that require authentication.
Specify the -n option when starting rpc.gssd if you'd like to force the
root user to obtain a user credential rather than use the local sys-
tem's machine credential.
When -n is specified, the kernel continues to request a GSS context es-
tablished with a machine credential for NFSv4 operations, such as SET-
CLIENTID or RENEW, that manage state. If rpc.gssd cannot obtain a ma-
chine credential (say, the local system has no keytab), NFSv4 opera-
tions that require machine credentials will fail.
Encryption types
A realm administrator can choose to add keys encoded in a number of
different encryption types to the local system's keytab. For instance,
a host/ principal might have keys for the aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96,
aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96, des3-cbc-sha1, and arcfour-hmac encryption
types. This permits rpc.gssd to choose an appropriate encryption type
that the target NFS server supports.
These encryption types are stronger than legacy single-DES encryption
types. To interoperate in environments where servers support only weak
encryption types, you can restrict your client to use only single-DES
encryption types by specifying the -l option when starting rpc.gssd.
OPTIONS
-D The server name passed to GSSAPI for authentication is normally
the name exactly as requested. e.g. for NFS it is the server
name in the "servername:/path" mount request. Only if this
servername appears to be an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) or an un-
qualified name (no dots) will a reverse DNS lookup will be per-
formed to get the canoncial server name.
If -D is present, a reverse DNS lookup will always be used, even
if the server name looks like a canonical name. So it is needed
if partially qualified, or non canonical names are regularly
used.
Using -D can introduce a security vulnerability, so it is recom-
mended that -D not be used, and that canonical names always be
used when requesting services.
-f Runs rpc.gssd in the foreground and sends output to stderr (as
opposed to syslogd)
-n When specified, UID 0 is forced to obtain user credentials which
are used instead of the local system's machine credentials.
-k keytab
Tells rpc.gssd to use the keys found in keytab to obtain machine
credentials. The default value is /etc/krb5.keytab.
-l When specified, restricts rpc.gssd to sessions to weak encryp-
tion types such as des-cbc-crc. This option is available only
when the local system's Kerberos library supports settable en-
cryption types.
-p path
Tells rpc.gssd where to look for the rpc_pipefs filesystem. The
default value is /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs.
-d search-path
This option specifies a colon separated list of directories that
rpc.gssd searches for credential files. The default value is
/tmp:/run/user/%U. The literal sequence "%U" can be specified
to substitue the UID of the user for whom credentials are being
searched.
-M By default, machine credentials are stored in files in the first
directory in the credential directory search path (see the -d
option). When -M is set, rpc.gssd stores machine credentials in
memory instead.
-v Increases the verbosity of the output (can be specified multiple
times).
-r If the RPCSEC_GSS library supports setting debug level, in-
creases the verbosity of the output (can be specified multiple
times).
-R realm
Kerberos tickets from this realm will be preferred when scanning
available credentials cache files to be used to create a con-
text. By default, the default realm, as configured in the Ker-
beros configuration file, is preferred.
-t timeout
Timeout, in seconds, for kernel GSS contexts. This option allows
you to force new kernel contexts to be negotiated after timeout
seconds, which allows changing Kerberos tickets and identities
frequently. The default is no explicit timeout, which means the
kernel context will live the lifetime of the Kerberos service
ticket used in its creation.
-T timeout
Timeout, in seconds, to create an RPC connection with a server
while establishing an authenticated gss context for a user. The
default timeout is set to 5 seconds. If you get messages like
"WARNING: can't create tcp rpc_clnt to server %servername% for
user with uid %uid%: RPC: Remote system error - Connection timed
out", you should consider an increase of this timeout.
-U timeout
Timeout, in seconds, for upcall threads. Threads executing
longer than timeout seconds will cause an error message to be
logged. The default timeout is 30 seconds. The minimum is 5
seconds. The maximum is 600 seconds.
-C In addition to logging an error message for threads that have
timed out, the thread will be canceled and an error of -ETIMED-
OUT will be reported to the kernel.
-H Avoids setting $HOME to "/". This allows rpc.gssd to read per
user k5identity files versus trying to read /.k5identity for
each user.
If -H is not set, rpc.gssd will use the first match found in
/var/kerberos/krb5/user/$EUID/client.keytab and will not use a
principal based on host and/or service parameters listed in
$HOME/.k5identity.
CONFIGURATION FILE
Many of the options that can be set on the command line can also be
controlled through values set in the [gssd] section of the
/etc/nfs.conf configuration file. Values recognized include:
verbosity
Value which is equivalent to the number of -v.
rpc-verbosity
Value which is equivalent to the number of -r.
use-memcache
A Boolean flag equivalent to -M.
use-machine-creds
A Boolean flag. Setting to false is equivalent to giving the -n
flag.
avoid-dns
Setting to false is equivalent to providing the -D flag.
limit-to-legacy-enctypes
Equivalent to -l.
context-timeout
Equivalent to -t.
rpc-timeout
Equivalent to -T.
keytab-file
Equivalent to -k.
cred-cache-directory
Equivalent to -d.
preferred-realm
Equivalent to -R.
upcall-timeout
Equivalent to -U.
cancel-timed-out-upcalls
Setting to true is equivalent to providing the -C flag.
set-home
Setting to false is equivalent to providing the -H flag.
In addtion, the following value is recognized from the [general] sec-
tion:
pipefs-directory
Equivalent to -p.
SEE ALSO
rpc.svcgssd(8), kerberos(1), kinit(1), krb5.conf(5)
AUTHORS
Dug Song <dugsong@umich.edu>
Andy Adamson <andros@umich.edu>
Marius Aamodt Eriksen <marius@umich.edu>
J. Bruce Fields <bfields@umich.edu>
20 Feb 2013 rpc.gssd(8)
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