Exporter::Tiny::ManualUserpContributed PExporter::Tiny::Manual::Importing(3pm)
NAME
Exporter::Tiny::Manual::Importing - importing from Exporter::Tiny-based
modules
DESCRIPTION
For the purposes of this discussion we'll assume we have a module
called "MyUtils" which exports functions called "frobnicate", "red",
"blue", and "green". It has a tag set up called ":colours" which
corresponds to "red", "blue", and "green".
Many of these tricks may seem familiar from Sub::Exporter. That is
intentional. Exporter::Tiny doesn't attempt to provide every feature of
Sub::Exporter, but where it does it usually uses a fairly similar API.
Basic importing
It's easy to import a single function from a module:
use MyUtils "frobnicate";
Or a list of functions:
use MyUtils "red", "green";
Perl's "qw()" shorthand for a list of words is pretty useful:
use MyUtils qw( red green );
If the module defines tags, you can import them like this:
use MyUtils qw( :colours );
Or with a hyphen instead of a colon:
use MyUtils qw( -colours );
Hyphens are good because Perl will autoquote a bareword that follows
them:
use MyUtils -colours;
And it's possible to mix function names and tags in the same list:
use MyUtils qw( frobnicate :colours );
Renaming imported functions
It's possible to rename a function you're importing:
use MyUtils "frobnicate" => { -as => "frob" };
Or you can apply a prefix and/or suffix. The following imports the
function and calls it "my_frobinate_thing".
use MyUtils "frobnicate" => { -prefix => "my_", -suffix => "_thing" };
You can apply a prefix/suffix to all functions you import by placing
the hashref first in the import list. (This first hashref is referred
to as the global options hash, and can do some special things.)
use MyUtils { prefix => "my_" }, "frobnicate";
Did you notice that we used "-prefix" and "-suffix" in the normal
options hash, but "prefix" and "suffix" (no hyphen) in the global
options hash? That's a common pattern with this module.
You can import the same function multiple times with different names:
use MyUtils
"frobnicate" => { -as => "frob" },
"frobnicate" => { -as => "frbnct" };
Tags can take the "-prefix" and "-suffix" options too. The following
imports "colour_red", "colour_green", and "colour_blue":
use MyUtils -colours => { -prefix => "colour_" };
You can also set "-as" to be a coderef to generate a function name.
This imports functions called "RED", "GREEN", and "BLUE":
use MyUtils -colours => { -as => sub { uc($_[0]) } };
Note that it doesn't make sense to use "-as" with a tag unless you're
doing this coderef thing. Coderef "as" also works in the global options
hash.
DO NOT WANT!
Sometimes you want to supply a list of functions you don't want to
import. To do that, prefix the function with a bang. This imports
everything except "frobnicate":
use MyUtils qw( -all !frobnicate );
You can add the bang prefix to tags too. This will import everything
except the colours.
use MyUtils qw( -all !:colours );
Negated imports always "win", so the following will not import
"frobnicate", no matter how many times you repeat it...
use MyUtils qw( !frobnicate frobnicate frobnicate frobnicate );
Importing by regexp
Here's how you could import all functions beginning with an "f":
use MyUtils qw( /^F/i );
Or import everything except functions beginning with a "z":
use MyUtils qw( -all !/^Z/i );
Note that regexps are always supplied as strings starting with "/", and
not as quoted regexp references ("qr/.../").
Import functions into another package
Occasionally you need to import functions not into your own package,
but into a different package. You can do that like this:
use MyUtils { into => "OtherPkg" }, "frobnicate";
OtherPkg::frobincate(...);
However, Import::Into will probably provide you with a better approach
which doesn't just work with Exporter::Tiny, but all exporters.
Lexical subs on Perl 5.37.2 and above
Often you want to make use of an exported function, but don't want it
to "pollute" your namespace.
On newer versions of Perl, Exporter::Tiny can use "export_lexically"
from builtin to give you lexical versions of exports.
{
use MyUtils -lexical, "frobnicate";
frobnicate(...); # ok
}
frobnicate(...); # not ok
This functionality should be considered EXPERIMENTAL until
"export_lexically" is included in a stable release of Perl.
Lexical subs on Perl older than 5.37.2
If you install Lexical::Var, then lexical imports should work on
versions of Perl as old as 5.12.
That module does have issues that prevent it from being installed on
Perl 5.22+. The Alt::Lexical::Var::ButSupportModernPerl module includes
patches to fix it.
Unimporting
You can unimport the functions that MyUtils added to your namespace:
no MyUtils;
Or just specific ones:
no MyUtils qw(frobnicate);
If you renamed a function when you imported it, you should unimport by
the new name:
use MyUtils frobnicate => { -as => "frob" };
...;
no MyUtils "frob";
Unimporting using tags and regexps should mostly do what you want.
DIAGNOSTICS
Overwriting existing sub '%s::%s' with sub '%s' exported by %s
A warning issued if Exporter::Tiny is asked to export a symbol
which will result in an existing sub being overwritten. This
warning can be suppressed using either of the following:
use MyUtils { replace => 1 }, "frobnicate";
use MyUtils "frobnicate" => { -replace => 1 };
Or can be upgraded to a fatal error:
use MyUtils { replace => "die" }, "frobnicate";
use MyUtils "frobnicate" => { -replace => "die" };
Refusing to overwrite existing sub '%s::%s' with sub '%s' exported by
%s
The fatal version of the above warning.
Could not find sub '%s' exported by %s
You requested to import a sub which the package does not provide.
Cannot provide an -as option for tags
Because a tag may provide more than one function, it does not make
sense to request a single name for it. Instead use "-prefix" or
"-suffix".
Passing options to unimport '%s' makes no sense
When you import a sub, it occasionally makes sense to pass some
options for it. However, when unimporting, options do nothing, so
this warning is issued.
SEE ALSO
Exporter::Shiny, Exporter::Tiny.
AUTHOR
Toby Inkster <tobyink@cpan.org>.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE
This software is copyright (c) 2013-2014, 2017 by Toby Inkster.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES
THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
perl v5.36.0 2023-0Exporter::Tiny::Manual::Importing(3pm)
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