# tree printing only changes deliberately
Code
print(trace, dir = dir)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) i() at test-trace.R:25:2
2. \-rlang (local) j(i) at test-trace.R:18:7
3. \-rlang (local) k(i) at test-trace.R:19:21
4. \-rlang (local) l(i) at test-trace.R:22:4
Code
cat("\n")
Output
Code
print(trace_slice(trace, 0L), dir = dir)
Output
x
# can print tree with collapsed branches
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. \-rlang (local) g() at test-trace.R:49:20
3. +-base::tryCatch(h(), foo = identity, bar = identity) at test-trace.R:50:20
4. | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
5. | +-base (local) tryCatchOne(...)
6. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
7. | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, names[-nh], parentenv, handlers[-nh])
8. | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
9. | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
10. \-rlang (local) h()
11. +-base::tryCatch(i(), baz = identity) at test-trace.R:51:20
12. | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
13. | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
14. | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
15. \-rlang (local) i()
16. +-base::tryCatch(trace_back(e, bottom = 0)) at test-trace.R:52:20
17. | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
18. \-rlang::trace_back(e, bottom = 0)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. \-rlang (local) g() at test-trace.R:49:20
3. +<<-base::tryCatch(h(), foo = identity, bar = identity) at test-trace.R:50:20>>
4. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)>>
5. | <<+-base (local) tryCatchOne(...)>>
6. | <<| \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)>>
7. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, names[-nh], parentenv, handlers[-nh])>>
8. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])>>
9. | <<\-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)>>
10. \-rlang (local) h()
11. +<<-base::tryCatch(i(), baz = identity) at test-trace.R:51:20>>
12. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)>>
13. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])>>
14. | <<\-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)>>
15. \-rlang (local) i()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) f()
2. rlang (local) g()
at test-trace.R:49:20
10. rlang (local) h()
15. rlang (local) i()
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +-base::eval(quote(eval(quote(g())))) at test-trace.R:61:7
3. | \-base::eval(quote(eval(quote(g()))))
4. +-base::eval(quote(g()))
5. | \-base::eval(quote(g()))
6. \-rlang (local) g()
7. +-base::tryCatch(eval(quote(h())), foo = identity, bar = identity) at test-trace.R:62:7
8. | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
9. | +-base (local) tryCatchOne(...)
10. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
11. | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, names[-nh], parentenv, handlers[-nh])
12. | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
13. | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
14. +-base::eval(quote(h()))
15. | \-base::eval(quote(h()))
16. \-rlang (local) h()
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +<<-base::eval(quote(eval(quote(g())))) at test-trace.R:61:7>>
3. | <<\-base::eval(quote(eval(quote(g()))))>>
4. +<<-base::eval(quote(g()))>>
5. | <<\-base::eval(quote(g()))>>
6. \-rlang (local) g()
7. +<<-base::tryCatch(eval(quote(h())), foo = identity, bar = identity) at test-trace.R:62:7>>
8. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)>>
9. | <<+-base (local) tryCatchOne(...)>>
10. | <<| \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)>>
11. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, names[-nh], parentenv, handlers[-nh])>>
12. | <<\-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])>>
13. | <<\-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)>>
14. +<<-base::eval(quote(h()))>>
15. | <<\-base::eval(quote(h()))>>
16. \-rlang (local) h()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) f()
6. rlang (local) g()
16. rlang (local) h()
# cli_branch() handles edge case
Code
cli_branch(tree[-1, ])
Output
[1] " 1. rlang (local) f()"
# collapsed formatting doesn't collapse single frame siblings
Code
print(trace, simplify = "none", drop = TRUE, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +-rlang::eval_bare(quote(g()))
3. \-rlang (local) g()
Code
print(trace, simplify = "none", drop = FALSE, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +-rlang::eval_bare(quote(g()))
3. \-rlang (local) g()
# recursive frames are rewired to the global env
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang::eval_tidy(quo(f()))
2. \-rlang (local) f()
3. \-rlang (local) g()
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang::eval_tidy(quo(f()))
2. \-rlang (local) f()
3. \-rlang (local) g()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang::eval_tidy(quo(f()))
2. rlang (local) f()
3. rlang (local) g()
# long backtrace branches are truncated
Code
cat("Full:\n")
Output
Full:
Code
print(trace, simplify = "branch", srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
1. rlang (local) f(10)
2. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
3. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
4. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
5. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
6. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
7. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
8. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
9. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
10. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
11. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
Code
cat("\n5 frames:\n")
Output
5 frames:
Code
print(trace, simplify = "branch", max_frames = 5, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
1. rlang (local) f(10)
2. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
3. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
...
10. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
11. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
Code
cat("\n2 frames:\n")
Output
2 frames:
Code
print(trace, simplify = "branch", max_frames = 2, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
1. rlang (local) f(10)
...
11. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
Code
cat("\n1 frame:\n")
Output
1 frame:
Code
print(trace, simplify = "branch", max_frames = 1, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
1. rlang (local) f(10)
...
# eval() frames are collapsed
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +-base::eval(quote(g()))
3. | \-base::eval(quote(g()))
4. \-rlang (local) g()
5. +-base::eval(quote(trace_back(e, bottom = 0)))
6. | \-base::eval(quote(trace_back(e, bottom = 0)))
7. \-rlang::trace_back(e, bottom = 0)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +<<-base::eval(quote(g()))>>
3. | <<\-base::eval(quote(g()))>>
4. \-rlang (local) g()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) f()
4. rlang (local) g()
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +-base::evalq(g())
3. | \-base::evalq(g())
4. \-rlang (local) g()
5. +-base::evalq(trace_back(e, bottom = 0))
6. | \-base::evalq(trace_back(e, bottom = 0))
7. \-rlang::trace_back(e, bottom = 0)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. +<<-base::evalq(g())>>
3. | <<\-base::evalq(g())>>
4. \-rlang (local) g()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) f()
4. rlang (local) g()
# children of collapsed frames are rechained to correct parent
Code
cat("Full + drop:\n")
Output
Full + drop:
Code
print(trace, simplify = "none", drop = TRUE, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. \-base::eval(quote(g()), env())
3. \-base::eval(quote(g()), env())
4. \-rlang (local) g()
Code
cat("Full - drop:\n")
Output
Full - drop:
Code
print(trace, simplify = "none", drop = FALSE, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. \-base::eval(quote(g()), env())
3. \-base::eval(quote(g()), env())
4. \-rlang (local) g()
Code
cat("\nBranch:\n")
Output
Branch:
Code
print(trace, simplify = "branch", srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
1. rlang (local) f()
2. base::eval(quote(g()), env())
3. base::eval(quote(g()), env())
4. rlang (local) g()
# combinations of incomplete and leading pipes collapse properly
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% F() %>% T() %>% F() %>% F()
2. +-rlang (local) F(.)
3. +-rlang (local) F(.)
4. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% F() %>% T() %>% F() %>% F()
2. +-rlang (local) F(.)
3. +-rlang (local) F(.)
4. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. NA %>% F() %>% T() %>% F() %>% F()
4. rlang (local) T(.)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-T(NA) %>% F()
2. +-rlang (local) F(.)
3. \-rlang (local) T(NA)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-T(NA) %>% F()
2. +-rlang (local) F(.)
3. \-rlang (local) T(NA)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. T(NA) %>% F()
3. rlang (local) T(NA)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-F(NA) %>% F() %>% T() %>% F() %>% F()
2. +-rlang (local) F(.)
3. +-rlang (local) F(.)
4. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-F(NA) %>% F() %>% T() %>% F() %>% F()
2. +-rlang (local) F(.)
3. +-rlang (local) F(.)
4. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. F(NA) %>% F() %>% T() %>% F() %>% F()
4. rlang (local) T(.)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. NA %>% T()
2. rlang (local) T(.)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% F() %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% F() %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. NA %>% F() %>% T()
2. rlang (local) T(.)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-F(NA) %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-F(NA) %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. F(NA) %>% T()
2. rlang (local) T(.)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-F(NA) %>% F() %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-F(NA) %>% F() %>% T()
2. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. F(NA) %>% F() %>% T()
2. rlang (local) T(.)
# calls before and after pipe are preserved
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang (local) F(NA %>% T())
2. +-NA %>% T()
3. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang (local) F(NA %>% T())
2. +-NA %>% T()
3. \-rlang (local) T(.)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) F(NA %>% T())
3. rlang (local) T(.)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% C()
2. \-rlang (local) C(.)
3. \-rlang (local) f()
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-NA %>% C()
2. \-rlang (local) C(.)
3. \-rlang (local) f()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. NA %>% C()
2. rlang (local) C(.)
3. rlang (local) f()
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang (local) F(NA %>% C())
2. +-NA %>% C()
3. \-rlang (local) C(.)
4. \-rlang (local) f()
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang (local) F(NA %>% C())
2. +-NA %>% C()
3. \-rlang (local) C(.)
4. \-rlang (local) f()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) F(NA %>% C())
3. rlang (local) C(.)
4. rlang (local) f()
# always keep very first frame as part of backtrace branch
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang (local) gen()
2. \-rlang (local) gen.default()
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-rlang (local) gen()
2. \-rlang (local) gen.default()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) gen()
2. rlang (local) gen.default()
# anonymous calls are stripped from backtraces
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-(function() {...
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-(function() {...
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
# collapsing of eval() frames detects when error occurs within eval()
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-base::eval()
2. \-base::.handleSimpleError(...)
3. \-rlang (local) h(simpleError(msg, call))
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-base::eval()
2. \-base::.handleSimpleError(...)
3. \-rlang (local) h(simpleError(msg, call))
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. base::eval()
2. base::.handleSimpleError(...)
3. rlang (local) h(simpleError(msg, call))
# can print degenerate backtraces
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-foo
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-foo
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. foo
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-NULL
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-NULL
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. NULL
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-1L
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-1L
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. 1L
# check for dangling promise in call CAR (#492)
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-base::print(foo)
2. \-rlang (local) print.foo(foo)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. +-base::print(foo)
2. \-rlang (local) print.foo(foo)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. base::print(foo)
2. rlang (local) print.foo(foo)
# dangling srcrefs are not printed
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f(current_env())
2. \-rlang (local) g(e) at fixtures/trace-srcref2.R:2:2
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f(current_env())
2. \-rlang (local) g(e) at fixtures/trace-srcref2.R:2:2
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) f(current_env())
2. rlang (local) g(e)
at fixtures/trace-srcref2.R:2:2
# summary.rlang_trace() prints the full tree
Code
summary(trace, srcrefs = FALSE)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f()
2. \-rlang (local) g()
3. \-rlang (local) h()
# global functions have `global::` prefix
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) g(current_env())
2. \-global f(e)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) g(current_env())
2. \-global f(e)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) g(current_env())
2. global f(e)
# local functions inheriting from global do not have `global::` prefix
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) g(current_env())
2. \-f(e)
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) g(current_env())
2. \-f(e)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. rlang (local) g(current_env())
2. f(e)
# can trim layers of backtraces
Code
local_options(rlang_trace_format_srcrefs = FALSE)
cat_line("No trimming:")
Output
No trimming:
Code
summary(trace0)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f(0) at test-trace.R:412:2
2. +-base::identity(identity(g(n))) at test-trace.R:408:7
3. +-base::identity(g(n))
4. \-rlang (local) g(n)
5. +-base::identity(identity(h(n))) at test-trace.R:409:7
6. +-base::identity(h(n))
7. \-rlang (local) h(n)
8. +-base::identity(identity(trace_back(e, bottom = n))) at test-trace.R:410:7
9. +-base::identity(trace_back(e, bottom = n))
10. \-rlang::trace_back(e, bottom = n)
Code
cat_line("", "", "One layer (the default):")
Output
One layer (the default):
Code
summary(trace1)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f(1) at test-trace.R:413:2
2. +-base::identity(identity(g(n))) at test-trace.R:408:7
3. +-base::identity(g(n))
4. \-rlang (local) g(n)
5. +-base::identity(identity(h(n))) at test-trace.R:409:7
6. +-base::identity(h(n))
7. \-rlang (local) h(n)
Code
cat_line("", "", "Two layers:")
Output
Two layers:
Code
summary(trace2)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f(2) at test-trace.R:414:2
2. +-base::identity(identity(g(n))) at test-trace.R:408:7
3. +-base::identity(g(n))
4. \-rlang (local) g(n)
Code
cat_line("", "", "Three layers:")
Output
Three layers:
Code
summary(trace3)
Output
x
1. \-rlang (local) f(3) at test-trace.R:415:2
# caught error does not display backtrace in knitted files
Code
cat_line(render_md("test-trace-full.Rmd"))
Output
library(rlang)
f <- function() g()
g <- function() h()
h <- function() rlang::abort("foo")
f()
## Error in `h()`:
## ! foo
Currently needs to be in a different chunk:
last_error()
## <error/rlang_error>
## Error in `h()`:
## ! foo
## ---
## Backtrace:
## 1. global f()
## 2. global g()
## 3. global h()
## Run `rlang::last_trace()` to see the full context.
last_trace()
## <error/rlang_error>
## Error in `h()`:
## ! foo
## ---
## Backtrace:
## x
## 1. \-global f()
## 2. \-global g()
## 3. \-global h()
## 4. \-rlang::abort("foo")
options(rlang_backtrace_on_error_report = "reminder")
f()
## Error in `h()`:
## ! foo
## Run `rlang::last_error()` to see where the error occurred.
options(rlang_backtrace_on_error_report = "full")
f()
## Error in `h()`:
## ! foo
## Backtrace:
## x
## 1. \-global f()
## 2. \-global g()
## 3. \-global h()
## 4. \-rlang::abort("foo")
# backtraces don't contain inlined objects (#1069, r-lib/testthat#1223)
Code
summary(trace)
Output
x
1. +-rlang::inject(f(!!list()))
2. \-rlang (local) f(`<list>`)
3. +-base::do.call("g", list(runif(1e+06) + 0))
4. \-rlang (local) g(`<dbl>`)
5. \-rlang (local) h()
# runs of namespaces are embolden (#946)
Code
print(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `1 + ""`:
! non-numeric argument to binary operator
---
Backtrace:
1. rlang::catch_cnd(withCallingHandlers(f(), error = entrace), "error")
9. rlang (local) f()
10. rlang (local) g()
11. rlang (local) h()
12. base::identity(1 + "")
Code
summary(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `1 + ""`:
! non-numeric argument to binary operator
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang::catch_cnd(withCallingHandlers(f(), error = entrace), "error")
2. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
3. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
4. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
6. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
7. | \-base::force(expr)
8. +-base::withCallingHandlers(f(), error = entrace)
9. \-rlang (local) f()
10. \-rlang (local) g()
11. \-rlang (local) h()
12. \-base::identity(1 + "")
# `bottom` must be a positive integer
Code
(expect_error(trace_back(bottom = -1)))
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `trace_back()`:
! `bottom` must be a positive integer.
# collapsed case in branch formatting
1. f()
2. g()
3. h()
4. evalq()
5. evalq()
# trailing `FALSE` visibility is handled
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-f()
2. \-g()
3. \-h()
4. \-foo()
5. \-bar()
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
1. \-f()
2. \-g()
3. \-h()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
1. f()
2. g()
3. h()
# can format empty traces
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
x
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
# sibling streaks in tree backtraces
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang::catch_cnd(f(g()), "error")
2. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
3. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
4. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
6. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
7. | \-base::force(expr)
8. +-rlang (local) f(g())
9. | +-base::identity(identity(x))
10. | \-base::identity(x)
11. \-rlang (local) g()
12. +-rlang (local) f(f(h()))
13. | +-base::identity(identity(x))
14. | \-base::identity(x)
15. +-rlang (local) f(h())
16. | +-base::identity(identity(x))
17. | \-base::identity(x)
18. \-rlang (local) h()
19. \-rlang::abort("foo")
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang::catch_cnd(f(g()), "error")
2. | <<+-rlang::eval_bare(...)>>
3. | <<+-base::tryCatch(...)>>
4. | <<| \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)>>
5. | <<| \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])>>
6. | <<| \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)>>
7. | <<\-base::force(expr)>>
8. +-rlang (local) f(g())
9. | <<+-base::identity(identity(x))>>
10. | <<\-base::identity(x)>>
11. \-rlang (local) g()
12. +<<-rlang (local) f(f(h()))>>
13. | <<+-base::identity(identity(x))>>
14. | <<\-base::identity(x)>>
15. +<<-rlang (local) f(h())>>
16. | <<+-base::identity(identity(x))>>
17. | <<\-base::identity(x)>>
18. \-rlang (local) h()
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
1. rlang::catch_cnd(f(g()), "error")
11. rlang (local) g()
18. rlang (local) h()
# parallel '|' branches are correctly emphasised
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-testthat::expect_error(parallel(f(0)))
2. | \-testthat:::expect_condition_matching(...)
3. | \-testthat:::quasi_capture(...)
4. | +-testthat (local) .capture(...)
5. | | \-base::withCallingHandlers(...)
6. | \-rlang::eval_bare(quo_get_expr(.quo), quo_get_env(.quo))
7. +-rlang (local) parallel(f(0))
8. | +-rlang (local) p1(identity(x))
9. | | \-rlang (local) p2(x)
10. | | \-rlang (local) p3(x)
11. | \-base::identity(x)
12. \-rlang (local) f(0)
13. \-rlang (local) g(n)
14. \-rlang (local) h(n)
15. \-rlang::abort("foo")
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-testthat::expect_error(parallel(f(0)))
2. | <<\-testthat:::expect_condition_matching(...)>>
3. | <<\-testthat:::quasi_capture(...)>>
4. | <<+-testthat (local) .capture(...)>>
5. | <<| \-base::withCallingHandlers(...)>>
6. | <<\-rlang::eval_bare(quo_get_expr(.quo), quo_get_env(.quo))>>
7. +-rlang (local) parallel(f(0))
8. | <<+-rlang (local) p1(identity(x))>>
9. | <<| \-rlang (local) p2(x)>>
10. | <<| \-rlang (local) p3(x)>>
11. | <<\-base::identity(x)>>
12. \-rlang (local) f(0)
13. \-rlang (local) g(n)
14. \-rlang (local) h(n)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
1. testthat::expect_error(parallel(f(0)))
12. rlang (local) f(0)
13. rlang (local) g(n)
14. rlang (local) h(n)
---
Code
# Full
print(trace, simplify = "none", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-testthat::expect_error(deep(1))
2. | \-testthat:::expect_condition_matching(...)
3. | \-testthat:::quasi_capture(...)
4. | +-testthat (local) .capture(...)
5. | | \-base::withCallingHandlers(...)
6. | \-rlang::eval_bare(quo_get_expr(.quo), quo_get_env(.quo))
7. \-rlang (local) deep(1)
8. +-rlang (local) parallel(f(n))
9. | +-rlang (local) p1(identity(x))
10. | | \-rlang (local) p2(x)
11. | | \-rlang (local) p3(x)
12. | \-base::identity(x)
13. \-rlang (local) f(n)
14. \-rlang (local) g(n)
15. \-rlang (local) h(n)
16. +-rlang (local) parallel(f(n - 1))
17. | +-rlang (local) p1(identity(x))
18. | | \-rlang (local) p2(x)
19. | | \-rlang (local) p3(x)
20. | \-base::identity(x)
21. \-rlang (local) f(n - 1)
22. \-rlang (local) g(n)
23. \-rlang (local) h(n)
24. \-rlang::abort("foo")
Code
# Focused
print_focused_trace(trace, dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-testthat::expect_error(deep(1))
2. | <<\-testthat:::expect_condition_matching(...)>>
3. | <<\-testthat:::quasi_capture(...)>>
4. | <<+-testthat (local) .capture(...)>>
5. | <<| \-base::withCallingHandlers(...)>>
6. | <<\-rlang::eval_bare(quo_get_expr(.quo), quo_get_env(.quo))>>
7. \-rlang (local) deep(1)
8. +<<-rlang (local) parallel(f(n))>>
9. | <<+-rlang (local) p1(identity(x))>>
10. | <<| \-rlang (local) p2(x)>>
11. | <<| \-rlang (local) p3(x)>>
12. | <<\-base::identity(x)>>
13. \-rlang (local) f(n)
14. \-rlang (local) g(n)
15. \-rlang (local) h(n)
16. +<<-rlang (local) parallel(f(n - 1))>>
17. | <<+-rlang (local) p1(identity(x))>>
18. | <<| \-rlang (local) p2(x)>>
19. | <<| \-rlang (local) p3(x)>>
20. | <<\-base::identity(x)>>
21. \-rlang (local) f(n - 1)
22. \-rlang (local) g(n)
23. \-rlang (local) h(n)
Code
# Branch
print(trace, simplify = "branch", dir = dir, srcrefs = srcrefs)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in `h()`:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
1. testthat::expect_error(deep(1))
7. rlang (local) deep(1)
13. rlang (local) f(n)
14. rlang (local) g(n)
15. rlang (local) h(n)
21. rlang (local) f(n - 1)
22. rlang (local) g(n)
23. rlang (local) h(n)
# error calls and args are highlighted
Code
print_highlighted_trace(parent)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `h()`>>:
! `x` must be a single string, not a number.
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f(1))
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f(1)
10. \-rlang (local) g(x)
11. \-rlang (local) <<CALL h(>><<ARG x = x>><<CALL )>>
Code
print_highlighted_trace(child)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `wrapper()`>>:
! Tilt.
Caused by error in <<CALL `h()`>>:
! `x` must be a single string, not a number.
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(wrapper())
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) wrapper()
10. +-rlang::try_fetch(f(1), error = function(cnd) abort("Tilt.", parent = cnd))
11. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
12. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
13. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
14. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
15. | \-base::withCallingHandlers(...)
16. \-rlang (local) f(1)
17. \-rlang (local) g(x)
18. \-rlang (local) <<CALL h(>><<ARG x = x>><<CALL )>>
# error calls and args are highlighted (no highlighted arg)
Code
print_highlighted_trace(argless)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `h()`>>:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f())
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f()
10. \-rlang (local) g()
11. \-rlang (local) <<CALL h(>><<CALL )>>
# frame is detected from the left
Code
# If detected from the right, `evalq()`is highlighted instead of `h()`
print_highlighted_trace(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `h()`>>:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f())
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f()
10. \-rlang (local) g()
11. \-rlang (local) <<CALL h(>><<CALL )>>
# arg is defensively checked
Code
print_highlighted_trace(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `h()`>>:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f())
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f()
10. \-rlang (local) g()
11. \-rlang (local) <<CALL h(>><<CALL )>>
# namespaced calls are highlighted
Code
print_highlighted_trace(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `rlang:::as_string()`>>:
! Can't convert a number to a string.
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f())
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f()
10. \-rlang (local) g()
11. \-rlang (local) h()
12. \-<<CALL rlang:::as_string(>>1<<CALL )>>
# can highlight long lists of arguments in backtrace (#1456)
Code
print_highlighted_trace(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `g()`>>:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f())
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f()
10. \-rlang (local) <<CALL g(>>...<<CALL )>>
---
Code
print_highlighted_trace(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `g()`>>:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f(arg = "bbbbbbbbbbbb"))
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f(arg = "bbbbbbbbbbbb")
10. \-rlang (local) <<CALL g(>><<ARG bbbbbbbbbbbb = bbbbbbbbbbbb>><<CALL )>>
# can highlight multi-line arguments in backtrace (#1456)
Code
print_highlighted_trace(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `g()`>>:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f())
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f()
10. \-rlang (local) <<CALL g(>>...<<CALL )>>
---
Code
print_highlighted_trace(err)
Output
<error/rlang_error>
Error in <<CALL `g()`>>:
! foo
---
Backtrace:
x
1. +-rlang:::catch_error(f(arg = "x"))
2. | \-rlang::catch_cnd(expr, "error")
3. | +-rlang::eval_bare(...)
4. | +-base::tryCatch(...)
5. | | \-base (local) tryCatchList(expr, classes, parentenv, handlers)
6. | | \-base (local) tryCatchOne(expr, names, parentenv, handlers[[1L]])
7. | | \-base (local) doTryCatch(return(expr), name, parentenv, handler)
8. | \-base::force(expr)
9. \-rlang (local) f(arg = "x")
10. \-rlang (local) <<CALL g(>><<ARG x = { ... }>><<CALL )>>
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