#!F-adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--18* #!N #!CSeaGreen #!N #!Rtvolrnd Volume Rendering #!N #!EC #!N #!N Volume rendering is a technique for using color and opacity to visualize the data in a 3-dimensional data set. (In contrast, surface techniques use tools like #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Isosurface #!EF and #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* MapToPlane #!EF to display a 2-dimensional surface, although in 3-dimensional space.) The following are some simple examples. #!N #!I0 #!N #!F-adobe-times-medium-r-normal--18* #!N #!N #!I30 #!N 1. Open and execute visual program .../VolumeRendering.net. As the network in the canvas shows, the color of the volume is determined by #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF . The data set contains relatively few high values (red) and relatively many low values (blue). No structure is apparent in the image. #!N #!I30 #!N 2. Select #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Transformation #!EF and then #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Equalize #!EF in the palettes. #!N #!I30 #!N 3. Position the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Equalize #!EF icon between #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Import #!EF and #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF in the VPE canvas. #!N #!I30 #!N 4. Disconnect #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Import #!EF output from #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF input and reconnect it to the first input tab ("data") of #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Equalize #!EF . #!N #!I30 #!N 5. Connect #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Equalize #!EF output to the first input tab ("data") of #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF . #!N #!I30 #!N 6. Reexecute the visual program. #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Equalize #!EF redistributes the data values more or less uniformly between the minimum and maximum of the data. Although the resulting image is somewhat diffuse, the structure of the data (the electron density of an imide molecule) is now visible. #!N #!I0 #!N #!EF #!N #!N #!N #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF parameters can be used to add definition to the structure. #!N #!I0 #!N #!F-adobe-times-medium-r-normal--18* #!N #!N #!I30 #!N 1. Delete the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Equalize #!EF module: Click on the icon and select #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Delete #!EF in the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Edit #!EF pull-down menu. The connections to #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Import #!EF and #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF are automatically deleted along with the icon. #!N #!I30 #!N 2. Reconnect the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Import #!EF output to the first input tab ("data") of #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF . #!N #!I30 #!N 3. Open the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF configuration dialog box. #!N #!I30 #!N 4. Set the value of the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* min #!EF parameter to ".1" and click on #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* OK #!EF . #!N #!I30 #!N 5. Reexecute the visual program. All data values smaller than 0.1 are rendered invisible (black). The image is much darker, but still visible. #!N #!I30 #!N 6. To increase the visibility of the data, increase the value of the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* intensity #!EF parameter in the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF configuration dialog box to "5." #!N #!I30 #!N 7. Click on #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* OK #!EF and reexecute the visual program. The structure of image is now fairly distinct. #!N #!I0 #!N #!EF #!N #!N #!N A color map gives you much greater control over the appearance of the image: #!N #!I0 #!N #!F-adobe-times-medium-r-normal--18* #!N #!N #!I30 #!N 1. Disconnect #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF from #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Image #!EF and connect the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Color #!EF output to the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Image #!EF input. #!N #!I30 #!N 2. Reexecute the visual program. #!N #!I30 #!N 3. Bring up the Colormap Editor by double clicking on the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Colormap #!EF icon. The color-bar, Hue, and Opacity settings are clearly reflected in the image: regions of low data values (green) and smaller regions of higher data values (red). All other data values have been rendered invisible. Note: To make a region or volume invisible, it is necessary to set #!F-adobe-times-medium-i-normal--18* both #!EF its intrinsic opacity and its color value to zero. The reason is that the volume rendering model assumes that regions emit light as well as absorb it. So even if its opacity is zero (no absorption), a region will still emit light unless its color is black ([0 0 0]). #!N #!I0 #!N #!EF #!N #!N #!N It is interesting to contrast the volume rendering of previous images with a surface technique. For example: #!N #!I0 #!N #!F-adobe-times-medium-r-normal--18* #!N #!N #!I30 #!N 1. Disconnect #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Color #!EF from #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Image #!EF and connect the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Isosurface #!EF output to the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Image #!EF input. #!N #!I30 #!N 2. Reexecute the visual program. The resulting image is an isosurface representation of the structure of an imide molecule. #!N #!I0 #!N #!EF #!N #!N #!N You can also combine surface techniques with volume rendering. For example: #!N #!I0 #!N #!F-adobe-times-medium-r-normal--18* #!N #!N #!I30 #!N 1. Select #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Structuring #!EF and then #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Collect #!EF in the palettes. #!N #!I30 #!N 2. Position the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Collect #!EF icon above #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Image #!EF in the VPE canvas. #!N #!I30 #!N 3. Disconnect #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Isosurface #!EF from #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Image #!EF . #!N #!I30 #!N 4. Connect the first output tab ("mapped") of #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* AutoColor #!EF to either of the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Collect #!EF input tabs. #!N #!I30 #!N 5. Connect the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Isosurface #!EF output to the other #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Collect #!EF input tab. #!N #!I30 #!N 6. Connect the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Collect #!EF output to the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Image #!EF input. #!N #!I30 #!N 7. Reexecute the visual program. The result is a combination of the volume-rendering and isosurface images of the imide molecule. #!N #!I30 #!N 8. To make the isosurfaces translucent, insert a new #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Color #!EF module (from the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Transformation #!EF category) into the network between #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Isosurface #!EF and #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Collect #!EF . (Use the first, or "input," tab of the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Color #!EF icon.) #!N #!I30 #!N 9. Open the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* Color #!EF configuration dialog box and set the #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* opacity #!EF parameter to ".3." (You can try other values as well.) #!N #!I30 #!N 10. Click on #!F-adobe-times-bold-r-normal--18* OK #!EF and reexecute the visual program. The isosurfaces are now translucent. #!N #!I0 #!N #!EF #!N #!N #!N #!N #!F-adobe-times-medium-i-normal--18* Next Topic #!EF #!N #!N #!Lttandt,dxall56 h Tasks and Tools #!EL #!N #!F-adobe-times-medium-i-normal--18* #!N
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